Fwd: [Histonet] PCR For NAILS
Dmborel <@t> aol.com
Dmborel <@t> aol.com
Tue Aug 19 16:41:58 CDT 2008
I sent this on 8/18/08 and it has not posted yet, so I am sending it again
on 8/19/08.
____________________________________
From: Dmborel
To: aakrasht <@t> yahoo.com
Sent: 8/18/2008 3:33:21 P.M. Central Daylight Time
Subj: Re: [Histonet] PCR For NAILS
Here are numerous references, but I do not know if they contain actual
procedures. Does anyone know of a reference lab in the US that performs these?
Can they be done on formalin fixed paraffin embedded specimens?
Molecular Biology Techniques for Identifying
Dermatophytes and Their Possible Use in Diagnosing
Onychomycosis in Human Toenail
A Review
Judith M. Binstock, PhD*
Traditional methods of diagnosing onychomycosis, such as microscopy,
histologic staining,
and cultures, may not provide the clinician with documentation before
initiating antifungal
drug therapy. DNA technology now supplies the tools for increased
sensitivity,
speed, and accuracy in the diagnostic arena by allowing for the
amplification, qualification,
and quantitation of DNA. These techniques, already being used to identify
many infectious
agents, may soon be commonly applied to onychomycosis. This report reviews
some of the DNA-based techniques that are currently being used to identify
dermatophytes
and their possible diagnostic use. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 97(2): 134-144,
2007)
References
1. ELEWSKI BE: Onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis,
and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 415, 1998.
2. GHANNOUM MA, HAJJEH RA, SCHER R, ET AL: A large-scale
North American study of fungal isolates from nails: the
frequency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and
antifungal susceptibility patterns. J Am Acad Dermatol
43: 641, 2000.
3. VANDER STRATEN MR, HOSSAIN MA, GHANNOUM MA: Cutaneous
infections dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, and
tinea versicolor. Infect Dis Clin North Am 17: 87, 2003.
4. WEITZMAN I, SUMMERBELL RC: The dermatophytes. Clin
Microbiol Rev 8: 240, 1995.
5. JOUSSON O, LECHENNE B, BONTEMS O, ET AL: Multiplication
of an ancestral gene encoding secreted fungalysin
preceded species differentiation in the dermatophytes
Trichophyton and Microsporum. Microbiology 150: 301,
2004.
6. JOUSSON O, LECHENNE B, BONTEMS O, ET AL: Secreted subtilisin
gene family in Trichophyton rubrum. Gene 339:
79, 2004.
7. SCHER RK: Onychomycosis: therapeutic update. J Am
Acad Dermatol 40: S21, 1999.
8. KARDJEVA V, SUMMERBELL R, KANTARDJIEV T, ET AL: Fortyeight-
hour diagnosis of onychomycosis with subtyping
of Trichophyton rubrum strains. J Clin Microbiol 44:
1419, 2006.
9. CRIBIER B, MENA ML, REY D, ET AL: Changes in patients
infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a prospective
controlled study. Arch Dermatol 134: 1216, 1998.
10. AKIBA H, MOTOKI Y, SATOH M, ET AL: Recalcitrant trichophytic
granuloma associated with NK-cell deficiency
in a SLE patient treated with corticosteroid. J Dermatol
11: 58, 2001.
11. RODRIGUEZ-SOTO ME, FERNANDEZ-ANDREU CM, MOYA DUQUE
S, ET AL: Clinico-mycology study of onychomycosis in
elderly patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 35: 213,
1993.
12. National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse Web site.
Available at: _http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/_
(http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/)
index.htm#7. Accessed February 12, 2007.
13. GUPTA AK, KONNIKOV N, MACDONALD P, ET AL: Prevalence
and epidemiology of toenail onychomycosis in diabetic
subjects: a multicentre survey. Br J Dermatol 139: 665,
1998.
14. MULLIS KB, FALOONA FA: Specific synthesis of DNA in
vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods
Enzymol 155: 335, 1987.
15. FOY CA, PARKES HC: Emerging homogeneous DNA-based
technologies in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem 47:
990, 2001.
16. HOLDANE DJ, ROBART E: A comparison of calcofluor
white, potassium hydroxide, and culture for the laboratory
diagnosis of superficial fungal infection. Diagn Microbiol
Infect Dis 13: 337, 1990.
17. ELEWSKI BE: Diagnostic techniques for confirming onychomycosis.
J Am Acad Dermatol 35: S6, 1996.
18. ZACHARIUS RM, ZELL TE, MORRISON JH, ET AL: Glycoprotein
142 March/April 2007 • Vol 97 • No 2 • Journal of the American Podiatric
Medical Association
Celebrating100years of continuous publication:1907–2007
staining following electrophoresis on acrylamide gels.
Anal Biochem 30: 148, 1969.
19. MAYNARD JA, IPPOLITO EG, PONSETI IV, ET AL: Histochemistry
and ultrastructure of the growth plate in metaphyseal
dysostosis: further observations on the structure
of the cartilage matrix. J Pediatr Orthop 1: 161, 1981.
20. STROMQVIST M, GRUFFMAN H: Periodic acid/Schiff staining
of glycoproteins immobilized on a blotting matrix.
Biotechniques 13: 744, 1992.
21. KAPPE R, RIMEK D: Diagnosis of fungal diseases. Prog
Drug Res Spec No: 39, 2003.
22. ZABAWSKI EJ JR, STYLES AR, COCKERELL CJ: Routine periodic
acid-Schiff staining of nail plate fragments in fungal
cultures for onychomycosis: a method to increase
the sensitivity of diagnosis. Cutis 66: 456, 2000.
23. WEINBERG JM, KOESTENBLATT EK, JENNINGS MB: Utility of
histopathologic analysis in the evaluation of onychomycosis.
JAPMA 95: 258, 2005.
24. LAWRY MA, HANEKE E, STROBECK K, ET AL: Methods for
diagnosing onychomycosis: a comparative study and review
of the literature. Arch Dermatol 136: 1112, 2000.
25. BOREK PP, ALBRESDKI DA, PROBOLUS JA, ET AL: New methods
with potassium hydroxide for diagnosing onychomycosis.
Am J Dermatopathol 21: 90, 1999.
26. WEINBERG JM, KOESTENBLATT EK, TUTRONE WD, ET AL:
Comparison of diagnostic methods in the evaluation of
onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 49: 193, 2003.
27. SINGH S, BEENA PM: Comparative study of different microscopic
techniques and culture media for the isolation
of dermatophytes. Indian J Med Microbiol 21: 21, 2003.
28. ELEWSKI BE, EL CHARIF M, COOPER KD, ET AL: Reactivity
to trichophytin antigen in patients with onychomycosis:
effect of terbinafine. J Am Acad Dermatol 46: 371, 2002.
29. YEO SF, WONG B: Current status of nonculture methods
for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol
Rev 15: 465, 2002.
30. LOFFLER J, HEBART H, SEPE S, ET AL: Detection of PCRamplified
fungal DNA by using a PCR-ELISA system. Med
Mycol 36: 275, 1998.
31. SUMMERBELL RC, COOPER E, BUNN U, ET AL: Onychomycosis:
a critical study of techniques and criteria for confirming
the etiologic significance of nondermatophytes.
Med Mycol 43: 39, 2005.
32. SAMDANI AJ, DYKES PJ, MARKS R: The proteolytic activity
of strains of T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum isolated
from tinea pedis and tinea unguium infections. J
Med Vet Mycol 33: 167, 1995.
33. VERSALOVIC J, KOEUTH T, LUPSKI JR: Distribution of repetitive
DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to
fingerprinting of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res
19: 6823, 1991.
34. Human Genome Project information: DNA forensics. Available
at: _http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_
(http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human) _
Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml. Accessed February 9, 2007.
35. GINZINGER DG: Gene quantification using real-time quantitative
PCR: an emerging technology hits the mainstream.
Exp Hematol 30: 503, 2002.
36. ULRICHS T, LEFMANN M, REICH M, ET AL: Modified immunohistological
staining allows detection of Ziehl-Neelsennegative
Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms and
their precise localization in human tissue. J Pathol 205:
633, 2005.
37. MACKAY IM, ARDEN KE, NITSCHE A: Real-time PCR in virology.
Nucleic Acids Res 30: 1292, 2002.
38. PACHECO N, MAGO V, GOMEZ I, ET AL: Comparison of PCR
and common clinical tests for the diagnosis of H. pylori
in dyspeptic patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
39: 207, 2001.
39. NOWAKOWSKI J, SCHWARTZ I, LIVERIS D, ET AL: Laboratory
diagnostic techniques for patients with early Lyme disease
associated with erythema migrans: a comparison
of different techniques. Clin Infect Dis 33: 2023, 2001.
40. GLENNON M, CORMICAN M: Detection and diagnosis of mycobacterial
pathogens using PCR. Expert Rev Mol Diagn
1: 163, 2001.
41. MOHAMMADI T, PIETERSZ RN, VANDENBROUCKE-GRAULS CM,
ET AL: Detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates:
comparison of broad-range real-time 16S rDNA polymerase
chain reaction and automated culturing. Transfusion
45: 731, 2005.
42. BALESTRINO D, HAAGENSEN JA, RICH C, ET AL: Characterization
of type 2 quorum sensing in Klebsiella pneumoniae
and relationship with biofilm formation. J Bacteriol
187: 2870, 2005.
43. PILCHER CD, MCPHERSON JT, LEONE PA, ET AL: Real-time,
universal screening for acute HIV infection in a routine
HIV counseling and testing population. JAMA 288: 216,
2002.
44. HESS C, KLIMKAIT T, SCHLAPBACH L, ET AL: Association of
a pool of HIV-1 with erythrocytes in vivo: a cohort study.
Lancet 359: 2230, 2002.
45. CALVARIO A, BOZZI A, SCARASCIULLI M, ET AL: Herpes consensus
PCR test: a useful diagnostic approach to the
screening of viral diseases of the central nervous system.
J Clin Virol 25 (suppl): 71, 2002.
46. PRADO I, ROSARIO D, BERNARDO L, ET AL: PCR detection
of dengue virus using dried whole blood spotted on filter
paper. J Virol Methods 125: 75, 2005.
47. RADFORD SA, JOHNSON EM, LEEMING JP, ET AL: Molecular
epidemiological study of Aspergillus fumigatus in a
bone marrow transplantation unit by PCR amplification
of ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences. J Clin Microbiol
36: 1294, 1998.
48. GRASER Y, EL FARI M, PRESBER W, ET AL: Identification of
common dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum,
Epidermophyton) using polymerase chain reactions. Br
J Dermatol 138: 5762, 1998.
49. VELEGRAKI A, KAMBOURIS M, KOSTOUROU A, ET AL: Rapid
extraction of fungal DNA from clinical samples for PCR
amplification. Med Mycol 37: 69, 1999.
50. FERRER C, COLOM F, FRASES S, ET AL: Detection and identification
of fungal pathogens by PCR and by ITS2 and
5.8S ribosomal DNA typing in ocular infections. J Clin
Microbiol 39: 2873, 2001.
51. LI RY, LI DM, YU J, ET AL: Application of molecular biology
techniques in the identification of pathogenic fungi
and the diagnosis of fungal infection. Beijing Da Xue
Xue Bao 36: 536, 2004.
52. HEID CA, STEVENS J, LIVAK KJ, ET AL: Real time quantitative
PCR. Genome Res 6: 986, 1996.
53. ORLANDO C, PINZANI P, PAZZAGLI M: Developments in quantitative
PCR. Clin Chem Lab Med 36: 255, 1998.
54. WITTWER CT, RIRIE KM, ANDREW RV, ET AL: The LightCycler:
a microvolume multisample fluorimeter with rapid
temperature control. Biotechniques 22: 176, 1997.
55. GUTZMER R, MOMMERT S, KUTTLER U, ET AL: Rapid identification
and differentiation of fungal DNA in dermatological
specimens by LightCycler PCR. J Med Microbiol
53: 1207, 2004.
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association • Vol 97 • No 2 •
March/April 2007 143
Celebrating100years of continuous publication:1907–2007
56. TSUBOI R, OKEKE CN, INOUE A, ET AL: Identification and
viability assessment of dermatophytes infecting nail
based on quantitative PCR of dermatophyte actin (ACT)
mRNA. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 43: 91, 2002.
57. SAVOLAINEN V, COWAN RS, VOGLER AP, ET AL: Towards writing
the encyclopedia of life: an introduction to DNA barcoding.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360: 1805,
2005.
58. SUMMERBELL RC, LEVESQUE CA, SEIFERT KA, ET AL: Microcoding:
the second step in DNA barcoding. Philos
Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360: 1897, 2005.
59. KANO R, NAKAMURA Y, WATARI T, ET AL: Phylogenetic analysis
of 8 dermatophyte species using chitin synthase 1
gene sequences. Mycoses 40: 411, 1997.
60. GRASER Y, EL FARI M, VILGALYS R, ET AL: Phylogeny and
taxonomy of the family Arthrodermataceae (dermatophytes)
using sequence analysis of the ribosomal ITS
region. Med Mycol 37: 105, 1999.
61. GRASER Y, KUIJPERS AF, PRESBER W, ET AL: Molecular taxonomy
of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans.
Med Mycol 37: 315, 1999.
62. KANO R, NAKAMURA Y, WATARI T, ET AL: Phylogenetic relation
of Epidermophyton floccosum to the species of
Microsporum and Trichophyton in chitin synthase 1
(CHS1) gene sequences. Mycopathologia 146: 111, 1999.
63. MAKIMURA K, TAMURA Y, MOCHIZUKI T, ET AL: Phylogenetic
classification and species identification of dermatophyte
strains based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal
internal transcribed spacer 1 regions. J Clin
Microbiol 37: 920, 1999.
64. MOCHIZUKI T, KAWASAKI M, ISHIZAKI H, ET AL: Molecular
epidemiology of Arthroderma benhamiae, an emerging
pathogen of dermatophytoses in Japan, by polymorphisms
of the non-transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal
DNA. J Dermatol Sci 27: 14, 2001.
65. OHST T, DE HOOG S, PRESBER W, ET AL: Origins of microsatellite
diversity in the Trichophyton rubrum–T. violaceum
clade (dermatophytes). J Clin Microbiol 42: 4444, 2004.
66. BOCK M, NICKEL P, MAIWALD M, ET AL: Diagnosis of dermatomycoses
with polymerase chain reaction. Hautarzt
48: 175, 1997.
67. BAEK SC, CHAE HJ, HOUH D, ET AL: Detection and differentiation
of causative fungi of onychomycosis using
PCR amplification and restriction enzyme analysis. Int
J Dermatol 37: 682, 1998.
68. EL FARI M, TIETZ HJ, PRESBER W, ET AL: Development of
an oligonucleotide probe specific for Trichophyton
rubrum. Br J Dermatol 141: 240, 1999.
69. TURIN L, RIVA F, GALBIATI G, ET AL: Fast, simple and highly
sensitive double-rounded polymerase chain reaction
assay to detect medically relevant fungi in dermatological
specimens. Eur J Clin Invest 30: 511, 2000.
70. MACHOUART-DUBACH M, LACROIX C, DE CHAUVIN MF, ET AL:
Rapid discrimination among dermatophytes, Scytalidium
spp., and other fungi with a PCR-restriction fragment
length polymorphism ribotyping method. J Clin
Microbiol 39: 685, 2001.
71. ARCA E, SARACLI MA, AKAR A, ET AL: Polymerase chain
reaction in the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Eur J Dermatol
14: 52, 2004.
72. HOWELL SA, BARNARD RJ, HUMPHREYS F: Application of
molecular typing methods to dermatophyte species that
cause skin and nail infections. J Med Microbiol 48: 33,
1999.
73. MOCHIZUKI T, SUGIE N, UEHARA M: Random amplification
of polymorphic DNA is useful for the differentiation of
several anthropophilic dermatophytes. Mycoses 40: 405,
1997.
74. KIM JA, TAKAHASHI Y, TANAKA R, ET AL: Identification and
subtyping of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by random
amplified polymorphic DNA. Mycoses 44: 157, 2001.
75. LIU D, PEARCE L, LILLEY G, ET AL: PCR identification of
dermatophyte fungi Trichophyton rubrum, T. soudanense
and T. gourvilii. J Med Microbiol 51: 117, 2002.
76. NISHIO K, KAWASAKI M, ISHIZAKI H: Phylogeny of the genera
Trichophyton using mitochondrial DNA analysis.
Mycopathologia 117: 127, 1992.
77. SU CS, MEYER SA: Characterization of mitochondrial
DNA in various Candida species: isolation, restriction
endonuclease analysis, size, and base composition. Int
J Syst Bacteriol 41: 6, 1991.
78. OKEKE CN, TSUBOI R, KAWAI M, ET AL: Isolation of an intron-
containing partial sequence of the gene encoding
dermatophyte actin (ACT) and detection of a fragment
of the transcript by reverse transcription-nested PCR
as a means of assessing the viability of dermatophytes
in skin scales. J Clin Microbiol 39: 101, 2001.
79. NIMURA K, NIWANO Y, ISHIDUKA S, ET AL: Actin gene-targeted
RT-PCR could be a useful method for evaluating
in vitro fungicidal activity against dermatophytes. J Int
Med Res 31: 407, 2003.
80. KANO R, NAKAMURA Y, WATARI T, ET AL: Molecular analysis
of chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene sequences of Trichophyton
mentagrophytes complex and T. rubrum.
Curr Microbiol 37: 236, 1998.
81. KANO R, NAKAMURA Y, WATARI T, ET AL: Species-specific
primers of chitin synthase 1 gene for the differentiation
of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. Mycoses
42: 71, 1999.
82. KANBE T, SUZUKI Y, KAMIYA A, ET AL: PCR-based identification
of common dermatophyte species using primer
sets specific for the DNA topoisomerase II genes. J Dermatol
Sci 32: 151, 2003.
83. KANBE T, SUZUKI Y, KAMIYA A, ET AL: Species-identification
of dermatophytes Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton
by PCR and PCR-RFLP targeting of the
DNA topoisomerase II genes. J Dermatol Sci 33: 41, 2003.
84. JACKSON CJ, BARTON RC, EVANS EG: Species identification
and strain differentiation of dermatophyte fungi by
analysis of ribosomal-DNA intergenic spacer regions. J
Clin Microbiol 37: 931, 1999.
85. JACKSON CJ, BARTON RC, KELLY SL, ET AL: Strain identification
of Trichophyton rubrum by specific amplification
of subrepeat elements in the ribosomal DNA
nontranscribed spacer. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4527, 2000.
86. GUPTA AK, KOHLI Y, SUMMERBELL RC: Variation in restriction
fragment length polymorphisms among serial isolates
from patients with Trichophyton rubrum infection.
J Clin Microbiol 39: 3260, 2001.
87. BOCK M, MAIWALD M, KAPPE R, ET AL: Polymerase chain
reaction-based detection of dermatophyte DNA with a
fungus-specific primer system. Mycoses 37: 79, 1994.
88. KAPPE R, FAUSER C, OKEKE CN, ET AL: Universal fungusspecific
primer systems and group-specific hybridization
oligonucleotides for 18S rDNA. Mycoses 39: 25, 1996.
89. KAPPE R, OKEKE CN, FAUSER C, ET AL: Molecular probes
for the detection of pathogenic fungi in the presence of
human tissue. J Med Microbiol 47: 811, 1998.
144 March/April 2007 • Vol 97 • No 2 • Journal of the American Podiatric
Medical Association
Celebrating100years of continuous publication:1907–2007
90. SUMMERBELL RC, HAUGLAND RA, LI A, ET AL: rRNA gene
internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 sequences of asexual,
anthropophilic dermatophytes related to Trichophyton
rubrum. J Clin Microbiol 37: 4005, 1999.
91. GAEDIGK A, GAEDIGK R, ABDEL-RAHMAN SM: Genetic heterogeneity
in the rRNA gene locus of Trichophyton tonsurans.
J Clin Microbiol 41: 5478, 2003.
92. YAZDANPARAST A, JACKSON CJ, BARTON RC, ET AL: Molecular
strain typing of Trichophyton rubrum indicates
multiple strain involvement in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol
148: 51, 2003.
93. SHIN JH, SUNG JH, PARK SJ, ET AL: Species identification
and strain differentiation of dermatophyte fungi using
polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction
enzyme analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 48: 857, 2003.
94. MOCHIZUKI T, TANABE H, KAWASAKI M, ET AL: Rapid identification
of Trichophyton tonsurans by PCR-RFLP analysis
of ribosomal DNA regions. J Dermatol Sci 32: 25,
2003.
95. MOCHIZUKI T, ISHIZAKI H, BARTON RC, ET AL: Restriction fragment
length polymorphism analysis of ribosomal DNA intergenic
regions is useful for differentiating strains of
Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J Clin Microbiol 41: 4583,
2003.
96. WHITE TJ, BRUNS T, LEE S, ET AL: “Amplification and Direct
Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for
Phylogenetics,” in PCR Protocols, ed by MA Innes, GH
Gelfand, JS Sninsky, et al, p 315, Academic Press, London,
1990.
97. KAMIYA A, KIKUCHI A, TOMITA Y, ET AL: PCR and PCR-RFLP
techniques targeting the DNA topoisomerase II gene for
rapid clinical diagnosis of the etiologic agent of dermatophytosis.
J Dermatol Sci 34: 35, 2004.
98. RAD MM, JACKSON C, BARTON RC, ET AL: Single strains of
Trichophyton rubrum in cases of tinea pedis. J Med Microbiol
54: 725, 2005.
99. KANO R, HIRAI A, MURAMATSU M: Direct detection of dermatophytes
in skin samples based on sequences of the
chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene. J Vet Med Sci 65: 267,
2003.
100. POUNDER JI, WILLIAMS S, HANSEN D, ET AL: Repetitive-sequence-
PCR-based DNA fingerprinting using the Diversilab
system for identification of commonly encountered
dermatophytes. J Clin Microbiol 43: 2141, 2005.
101. LEMONT H: Pathologic and diagnostic considerations in
onychomycosis. JAPMA 87: 498, 1997.
102. GUPTA AK, JAIN HC, LYNDE CW, ET AL: Prevalence and epidemiology
of unsuspected onychomycosis in patients
visiting dermatologists’ offices in Ontario, Canada: a
multicenter survey of 2001 patients. Int J Dermatol 36:
783, 1997.
103. FLETCHER CL, HAY RJ, SMEETON NC: Onychomycosis: the
development of a clinical diagnostic aid for toenail disease:
part I. Establishing discriminating historical and
clinical features. Br J Dermatol 150: 701, 2004.
104. LIU D, COLOE S, BAIRD R, ET AL: Application of PCR to
the identification of dermatophyte fungi. J Med Microbiol
49: 493, 2000.
105. BELEC L, AUTHIS J, ELIEZER-VANEROT MC, ET AL: Myoglobin
as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitor: a
limitation for PCR from skeletal muscle tissue avoided
by the use of Thermus thermophilus polymerase. Muscle
Nerve 21: 1064, 1998.
106. GUPTA AK, DANIEL CR III: Factors that may affect the
response of onychomycosis to oral antifungal therapy.
Australas J Dermatol 39: 222, 1998.
107. DRAKE LA, SCHER RK, SMITH EB, ET AL: Effect of onychomycosis
on quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol 38: 702,
1998.
108. MOLDEN E, GARCIA BH, BRAATHEN P, ET AL: Co-prescription
of cytochrome P450 2D6/3A4 inhibitor-substrate
pairs in clinical practice: a retrospective analysis of data
from Norwegian primary pharmacies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
61: 119, 2005.
109. BREUER K, VOLKER B, GUTZMER R, ET AL: Facial pigmentation
following therapy with terbinafine. Hautarzt 56:
1056, 2005.
110. US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION: FDA Talk Paper: FDA
Issues Health Advisory Regarding the Safety of Sporanox
Products and Lamisil Tablets to Treat Fungal Infections,
US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville,
MD, May 9, 2001.
111. Projected population of the United States, by age and sex:
2000 to 2050. Available at: _http://www.census.gov/ipc/_
(http://www.census.gov/ipc/)
www/usinterimproj/natprojtab02a.xls. Accessed February
6, 2007.
112. LEVY LA: Epidemiology of onychomycosis in special-risk
populations. JAPMA 87: 546, 1997.
David M. Borel, M.D.
Dermatopathology Diagnostics
Topeka, Kansas
In a message dated 8/17/2008 12:54:56 P.M. Central Daylight Time,
aakrasht <@t> yahoo.com writes:
Hi There
Anyone knows how to do PCR for nails (Histology) and what is the proceedure!
Thanks for your help.
Ali
_______________________________________________
Histonet mailing list
Histonet <@t> lists.utsouthwestern.edu
http://lists.utsouthwestern.edu/mailman/listinfo/histonet
____________________________________
Looking for a car that's sporty, fun and fits in your budget? _Read reviews
on AOL Autos_
(http://autos.aol.com/cars-Volkswagen-Jetta-2009/expert-review?ncid=aolaut00030000000007) .
**************It's only a deal if it's where you want to go. Find your travel
deal here.
(http://information.travel.aol.com/deals?ncid=aoltrv00050000000047)
More information about the Histonet
mailing list